媒体报导
2022-12-15
本文汇总了金融学国际顶级期刊《Journal of Financial Economics》近期发表的最新论文成果,提供金融研究领域最新学术动态。

目录
1)A unified model of distress risk puzzles
2)Debt dynamics with fixed issuance costs
3)Dissecting green returns
4)Size-adapted bond liquidity measures and their asset pricing implications
5)Overallocation and secondary market outcomes in corporate bond offerings
6)Bank transparency and deposit flows
7)Retail trader sophistication and stock market quality: Evidence from brokerage outages
8)Count (and count-like) data in finance
9)Corporate culture: Evidence from the field
10)Flattening the curve: Pandemic-Induced revaluation of urban real estate
11)Shielding firm value: Employment protection and process innovation
12)More informative disclosures, less informative prices? Portfolio and price formation around quarter-ends
13)Salience theory and the cross-section of stock returns: International and further evidence
14)Credit cycles with market-based household leverage
15)Expansionary yet different: Credit supply and real effects of negative interest rate policy
16)Employee output response to stock market wealth shocks
17)Let the rich be flooded: The distribution of financial aid and distress after hurricane harvey
01
A unified model of distress risk puzzles
作者:
Zhiyao Chen
(Faculty of Business, Lingnan University)
Dirk Hackbarth
(Questrom School of Business, Boston University, and CEPR)
Ilya A. Strebulaev
(Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and NBER)
摘要:我们发现(i)债务权益比和杠杆化权益贝塔与财务困境企业的市场风险溢价呈负协变性;(ii)负协变性在这些公司中产生负的alpha。我们建立了一个动态的信贷风险模型,通过商业周期过程中内生和动态的债务融资来理解股权贝塔和市场风险溢价之间的负协变性。由于(具有)内生的债务融资和财务困境,我们的模型自然地将破产概率-收益率负向关系与困境风险溢价-收益率正向关系联系起来。
Abstract:We document that (i) debt-to-equity ratios and levered equity betas negatively covary with the market risk premium in distressed firms; (ii) the negative covariance generates negative alphas among those firms. We build a dynamic credit risk model to understand the negative covariance between equity betas and the market risk premium, via endogenous and dynamic debt financing over the business cycles. Because of endogenous debt financing and distress, our model naturally connects the negative failure probability-return relation to the positive distress risk premium-return relation.
02
Debt dynamics with fixed issuance costs
作者:
Luca Benzoni
(Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago)
Lorenzo Garlappi
(Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia)
Robert S. Goldstein
(Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, and NBER)
Chao Ying
(Chinese University of Hong Kong Business School)
摘要:我们研究了一家无法承诺未来债务政策并受制于固定重组成本的企业均衡状态下债务动态变化。我们正式描述了当企业不需要在发行额外债务之前回购未偿债务时的均衡特征。对于发行成本和债务期限现实的取值,无承诺政策产生了与有承诺基准政策所带来的相似税收优惠。对于正的但任意小的发行成本,存在股东实际上可以攫取全部现金流权益的债务期限。
Abstract:We investigate equilibrium debt dynamics for a firm that cannot commit to a future debt policy and is subject to a fixed restructuring cost. We formally characterize equilibria when the firm is not required to repurchase outstanding debt prior to issuing additional debt. For realistic values of issuance costs and debt maturity, the no-commitment policy generates tax benefits that are similar to those obtained by a benchmark policy with commitment. For positive but arbitrarily small issuance costs, there are maturities for which shareholders extract essentially the entire claim to cash-flows.
03
Dissecting green returns
作者:
Ľuboš Pástor
(University of Chicago, NBER, CEPR, and National Bank of Slovakia)
Robert F. Stambaugh
(University of Pennsylvania and NBER)
Lucian A. Taylor
(University of Pennsylvania)
摘要:近年来,绿色资产带来了高回报。这种表现反映的是对环境问题担忧未料想的强烈加剧,而非高预期回报。随着 "绿色债券溢价 "的扩大,德国绿色债券的表现优于同类的高收益非绿色债券;随着气候意识的增强,美国绿色股票的表现优于棕色股票。尽管表现出色,但我们估计的绿色股票预期收益要低于棕色股票,这与理论相符。我们以两种方式估计预期收益:事前,利用隐含的资本成本;事后,使用剔除了气候担忧和盈利冲击的实际收益。一个理论驱动的绿色因子解释了价值股票最近大部分的不佳表现。
Abstract:Green assets delivered high returns in recent years. This performance reflects unexpectedly strong increases in environmental concerns, not high expected returns. German green bonds outperformed their higher-yielding non-green twins as the “greenium” widened, and U.S. green stocks outperformed brown as climate concerns strengthened. Despite that outperformance, we estimate lower expected returns for green stocks than for brown, consistent with theory. We estimate expected returns in two ways: ex ante, using implied costs of capital, and ex post, using realized returns purged of shocks from climate concerns and earnings. A theoretically motivated green factor explains much of value stocks’ recent underperformance.
04
Size-adapted bond liquidity measures and their asset pricing implications
作者:
Michael Reichenbacher
(Institute for Finance, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology)
Philipp Schuster
(School of Management, University of Stuttgart)
摘要:我们为债券市场构造了新的流动性度量指标。现有的度量指标受到两种效应的共同影响:首先,场外(OTC)市场的交易成本很大程度上取决于交易规模;其次,许多债券交易次数较少,且每次交易的交易量差别巨大。因此,平均交易成本的变化往往表明了交易规模的变化,而非流动性的变化。我们将规模-成本关系的全样本信息与单笔交易数据相结合,以消除这类度量问题。我们发现,在分析美国公司债券市场流动性动态变化、债券之间的流动性差异以及流动性的资产定价隐含结论时,规模适应的度量指标会起到作用。
Abstract:We develop new liquidity measures for bond markets. Existing measures suffer from the combination of two effects. First, transaction costs in OTC markets strongly depend on trade size. Second, many bonds trade only scarcely with strongly differing trading volumes. Therefore, changes in average transaction costs often indicate changing trade sizes rather than changing liquidity. We combine full-sample information for the size-cost relation with individual transaction data to eliminate such measurement problems. We find that size-adapted measures make a difference when analyzing liquidity dynamics in the U.S. corporate bond market, liquidity differences between bonds, and the asset pricing implications of liquidity.
05
Overallocation and secondary market outcomes in corporate bond offerings
作者:
Hendrik Bessembinder
(W.P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University)
Stacey Jacobsen
(Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University)
William Maxwell
(Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University)
Kumar Venkataraman
(Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University)
摘要:债券承销商缺乏"绿鞋期权"和跟踪 "翻转 "活动的正式系统,他们管理二级市场订单流不确定性的工具要较股票承销商少。我们的研究表明,债券承销商通过有选择地 "超额分配"一些发行(份额)以获得净空头头寸来应对这个问题。超额配售经济规模较大,有助于承销团在价格稳定方面的努力,并且大部分会在发行后数日内被抵消。这些发行(份额)平均而言会经历机构投资者更多的净抛售,并且尽管承销团购买量较大,它们在二级市场上的升值幅度更小。因此,超额配售是承销商预计二级市场净需求疲软的一个可观测的指标。
Abstract:Bond underwriters, lacking “Greenshoe options” and formal systems to track “flipping” activity, have fewer tools than equity underwriters to manage secondary market order flow uncertainty. We show that bond underwriters respond by selectively “overallocating” some issues to attain net short positions. Overallocations are economically substantive, facilitate the syndicate’s price stabilization efforts, and are largely offset in the days after issuance. These issues on average experience more net selling by institutional investors and, despite large syndicate purchases, appreciate less in the secondary market. Thus, overallocation is an observable indicator that underwriters anticipate weakness in net secondary market demand.
06
Bank transparency and deposit flows
作者:
Qi Chen
(Fuqua School of Business, Duke University)
Itay Goldstein
(Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania)
Zeqiong Huang
(School of Management, Yale University)
Rahul Vashishtha
(Fuqua School of Business, Duke University)
摘要:银行监管和研究中讨论最广泛的问题之一是透明度。然而,储户——银行最重要的债权人——是否受到透明度的影响仍然是一个实证上悬而未决的问题。通过分析1994年至2019年的美国商业银行,我们发现当银行的透明度更高时,未受保护的存款流量对银行业绩信息更加敏感。我们也将透明度与存款利率、银行的投资融资模式和盈利能力联系起来。此外,我们还从以2002年的Sarbanes-Oxley法案作为透明度冲击的双重差分(DID)分析中发现了一致证据。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明了透明度对塑造存款人的行为很重要,同时强调了其潜在的成本。
Abstract:One of the most widely discussed issues in banking regulation and research is transparency. Yet, whether depositors – banks’ most important claimholders – are affected by transparency, is an empirical open question. Analyzing US commercial banks from 1994 to 2019, we show that uninsured deposit flows are more sensitive to information about bank performance when banks are more transparent. We also link transparency to deposit rates, banks’ investment funding patterns, and profitability. In addition, we find consistent evidence from a differences-in-difference analysis using the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as a shock to transparency. Overall, our findings demonstrate that transparency is important in shaping depositors’ behavior and highlight its potential costs.
07
Retail trader sophistication and stock market quality: Evidence from brokerage outages
作者:
Gregory W. Eaton
(Spears School of Business, Oklahoma State University)
T. Clifton Green
(Goizueta Business School, Emory University)
Brian S. Roseman
(Spears School of Business, Oklahoma State University)
Yanbin Wu
(Warrington College of Business, University of Florida)
摘要:我们研究经纪业务平台的中断,以检验散户对金融市场的影响。我们将迎合缺乏经验投资者的Robinhood的中断与传统零售经纪商的中断进行对比。我们发现对于那些散户兴趣较高的股票,Robinhood投资者参与的负面冲击与市场订单不平衡的减少、市场流动性的增加和收益波动率的降低相关,而传统零售经纪商的中断与(上述变量)的关系则恰好相反。研究结果表明,缺乏经验投资者的从众行为可能会产生库存风险,从而损害散户兴趣较高股票的流动性,而其他散户交易则会改善市场质量。
Abstract:We study brokerage platform outages to examine the impact of retail investors on financial markets. We contrast outages at Robinhood, which caters to inexperienced investors, with outages at traditional retail brokers. For stocks with high retail interest, we find that negative shocks to Robinhood investor participation are associated with reduced market order imbalances, increased market liquidity, and lower return volatility, whereas the opposite relations hold following outages at traditional retail brokerages. The findings suggest that herding by inexperienced investors can create inventory risks that harm liquidity in stocks with high retail interest, while other retail trading improves market quality.
08
Count (and count-like) data in finance
作者:
Jonathan B. Cohn
(McCombs School of Business Austin, University of Texas at Austin)
Zack Liu
(Bauer College of Business Houston, University of Houston)
Malcolm I. Wardlaw
(Terry College of Business, University of Georgia)
摘要:基于数量的结果变量和其他具有类似分布的结果变量在公司金融的应用中越来越普遍,本文对处理这些变量的不同计量经济学方法进行了评估。本文表明,常见的将log(1+结果变量)(作为被解释变量)的线性回归估计方法产生的估计量没有自然的解释,并且就期望而言可能会产生错误的符号。相比之下,一个简单的固定效应泊松模型在比通常假设更加一般的条件下会产生一致且合理有效的估计。通过复现现有论文,本文表明(论文得到的)经济结论可能对所采用的回归模型高度敏感。
Abstract:This paper assesses different econometric approaches to working with count-based outcome variables and other outcomes with similar distributions, which are increasingly common in corporate finance applications. We demonstrate that the common practice of estimating linear regressions of the log of 1 plus the outcome produces estimates with no natural interpretation that can have the wrong sign in expectation. In contrast, a simple fixed-effects Poisson model produces consistent and reasonably efficient estimates under more general conditions than commonly assumed. We also show through replication of existing papers that economic conclusions can be highly sensitive to the regression model employed.
09
Corporate culture: Evidence from the field
作者:
John R. Graham
(Duke University and National Bureau of Economic Research)
Jillian Grennan
(Santa Clara University)
Campbell R. Harvey
(Duke University and National Bureau of Economic Research)
Shivaram Rajgopal
(Columbia Business School)
摘要:在本文调查的1348名北美公司高管中,92%认为改善企业文化会提高公司价值。令人震惊的是,84%的高管认为他们的公司需要改善文化。但是,如何才能实现这一目标呢?本文通过记录以下内容为此提供了一些指导:高管们对什么是企业文化以及企业文化如何运作的看法(区分了公开的价值观和日常规范两类);企业文化被认为影响价值创造(生产力、合并)、道德选择(合规、短期主义)和创新(创造力、冒险精神)的程度;以及可能阻碍企业文化达到其应有水平的一系列障碍(领导的不专心、激励补偿的错位)。最后,本文提供了高管们对于调查的回复与外部数据是一致的证据。
Abstract:Ninety-two percent of the 1348 North American executives we survey believe that improving corporate culture would increase firm value. A striking 84% believe their company needs to improve its culture. But how can that be achieved? Our paper provides some guidance by documenting the following: executives’ views on what corporate culture is and how it operates, distinguishing between stated values and everyday norms; the extent to which culture is perceived to influence value creation (productivity, mergers), ethical choices (compliance, short-termism), and innovation (creativity, risk-taking); and a list of obstacles that can prevent culture from being where it should be (inattentive leaders, misaligned incentive compensation). Finally, we provide evidence that the executives’ survey responses are consistent with external data.
10
Flattening the curve: Pandemic-Induced revaluation of urban real estate
作者:
Arpit Gupta
(Stern School of Business,New York University)
Vrinda Mittal
(Columbia Business School)
Jonas Peeters
(Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania)
Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh
(Columbia Business School)
摘要:本文研究表明,COVID-19大流行令市中心房价和租金下降,远离市中心的地区房价和租金上涨,从而拉平了美国大多数大都会区的竞租曲线。在各大都会统计区(MSA)中,当居家办公更为普遍、住房市场受到更多监管且供给更缺乏弹性时,竞租曲线的扁平化程度更大。随着居家办公的减少,在可预见的未来里城市租金增长将超过郊区租金增长,从而预示着住房市场的城市(租金)复苏。
Abstract:We show that the COVID-19 pandemic brought house price and rent declines in city centers, and price and rent increases away from the center, thereby flattening the bid-rent curve in most U.S. metropolitan areas. Across MSAs, the flattening of the bid-rent curve is larger when working from home is more prevalent, housing markets are more regulated, and supply is less elastic. Housing markets predict an urban revival with urban rent growth exceeding suburban rent growth for the foreseeable future, as working from home recedes.
11
Shielding firm value: Employment protection and process innovation
作者:
Jan Bena
(Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia)
Hernán Ortiz-Molina
(Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia)
Elena Simintzi
(Sloan School of Management at MIT, CAFR, and NBER)
摘要:州级法律改变(如果)提高了劳动力的解雇成本,公司会随之增加便于采用成本节约生产方法的新流程的创新程度,劳动力成本在总成本中占很大比例的行业由是如此。具有高创新能力的公司在流程创新和资本-劳动力比率方面表现出更大的增长,这是由资本投资的增加和(劳动力)雇佣的减少共同推动的。创新能力让公司在投入市场条件发生变化时更易于调整投入要素组合,从而能够减轻公司价值损失,并成为其业绩的关键驱动力之一。
Abstract:Following state-level legal changes that increase labor dismissal costs, firms increase their innovation in new processes that facilitate the adoption of cost-saving production methods, especially in industries with a large share of labor costs in total costs. Firms with high innovation ability exhibit larger increases in process innovation and capital-labor ratios, an effect driven by both increases in capital investment and decreases in employment. By facilitating the adjustment of the input mix when conditions in input markets change, innovation ability allows firms to mitigate value losses and is a key driver of their performance.
12
More informative disclosures, less informative prices? Portfolio and price formation around quarter-ends
作者:
Todd A. Gormley
(Olin Business School, Washington University in St. Louis)
Zachary Kaplan
(Olin Business School, Washington University in St. Louis)
Aadhaar Verma
(Olin Business School, Washington University in St. Louis)
摘要:基金交易和股票价格随着季度报告周期而系统地变化。基金在季度末会加速完成用于建立现有仓位的交易,但会将用于启动建立新仓位的交易推迟到新季度开始。有证据表明,这些交易动态是由双重愿望驱动的,即令披露更多显示关于未来持股的信息,但同时又避免披露不完整的仓位。股价信息量和基金支付的佣金在季度末都出现下降,这与季度交易动态是由与内在价值新信息无关的披露动机驱动相一致。
Abstract:Fund trades and stock prices vary systematically with the quarterly reporting cycle. Funds accelerate trades that complete the building of existing positions at quarter-end but delay trades that initiate the building of new positions until the start of the new quarter. Evidence suggests these trade dynamics are driven by a dual desire to make disclosures more informative about future holdings but avoid disclosing incomplete positions. Consistent with disclosure-based motives unrelated to new information about intrinsic values driving these quarterly trade dynamics, both stock price informativeness and commissions paid by funds drop at quarter-end.
13
Salience theory and the cross-section of stock returns: International and further evidence
作者:
Nusret Cakici
(Gabelli School of Business, Fordham University)
Adam Zaremba
(Montpellier Business School, and Institute of Finance, Poznan University of Economics and Business)
摘要:在美国现有的关于凸显理论(ST)效应的证据驱动下,本文研究了其在过去30年间49个国家(地区)中的重要性。初步结果表明,ST指标与(股票)未来收益负向相关。高ST股票的表现不佳注
在异质风险高的国家中最为明显。然而,ST效应有三个重大的局限性:首先,异象的很大一部分可以归因于收益率短期反转;其次,它主要在微型股 (microcaps) 中被定价;最后,溢价主要是在市场的大幅下跌和波动性飙升之后实现的。在微型股和极端市场条件之外,ST效应并不存在。
注:原文摘要是“low ST stocks”,这是作者出现了笔误。
Abstract:Motivated by existing evidence of the salience theory (ST) effect in the United States, we investigate its importance in 49 countries over the past three decades. Initial results suggest a negative relationship between the ST measure and future returns. The underperformance of low ST stocks is the strongest in countries with high idiosyncratic risk. However, the salience effect has three vital limitations. First, a substantial part of the anomaly can be attributed to the short-term return reversal. Second, it is priced primarily among microcaps. Third, the premium is realized predominantly following severe down markets and volatility spikes. Outside of microcaps and extreme market conditions, the salience effect does not exist.
14
Credit cycles with market-based household leverage
作者:
William Diamond
(Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania)
Tim Landvoigt
(Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania)
摘要:我们建立了一个一般均衡模型,在这个模型中,家庭的抵押贷款杠杆由供需力量决定,信贷价格影响着家庭选择的杠杆数量。抵押贷款由金融中介机构提供,他们向家庭提供一系列抵押贷款合同,其定价随中介机构的权益资本变化而变化。在该模型中,对安全资产需求的增长可以复现2000年代下降的利率,并且导致家庭借贷、债务融资消费和房价实证可实现的繁荣。这种繁荣的结果是在未来的金融危机中,资产价格和家庭借贷会出现更大的萧条。
Abstract:We develop a general equilibrium model in which households’ mortgage leverage is determined by supply and demand forces, where the price of credit impacts the quantity of leverage households choose. Mortgages are supplied by financial intermediaries, who offer households a menu of mortgage contracts whose pricing varies with intermediaries’ equity capital. In the model, growth in the demand for safe assets that replicates the falling interest rates in the 2000s causes an empirically realistic boom in household borrowing, debt-financed consumption, and house prices. This boom results in a larger bust in asset prices and household borrowing in future financial crises.
15
Expansionary yet different: Credit supply and real effects of negative interest rate policy
作者:
Margherita Bottero
(Bank of Italy)
Camelia Minoiu
(Federal Reserve Board)
José-Luis Peydró
(Imperial College London, ICREA-UPF-CREi-BSE, and CEPR)
Andrea Polo
(Luiss University, UPF, BSE, EIEF, CEPR, and ECGI)
Andrea F. Presbitero
(International Monetary Fund)
Enrico Sette
(Bank of Italy)
摘要:本文表明,负利率政策(NIRP)通过投资组合再平衡渠道对信贷供应产生扩张性影响。NIRP会下移和拉平收益率曲线,这与略高于零利率下限水平降息不同,其效果与量化宽松(QE)类似。我们利用欧洲央行的NIRP和意大利信贷登记进行识别,并利用欧洲和美国的数据集进行外部有效性验证。NIRP影响了更多具有较高事前流动性资产的银行,包括银行间同业拆借的净头寸。具有更大风险敞口的银行会减少流动资产,扩大信贷供应(特别是对财务受限的企业),并降低贷款利率,从而促使企业增加投资和工资支出。
Abstract:We show that negative interest rate policy (NIRP) has expansionary effects on credit supply through a portfolio rebalancing channel. By shifting down and flattening the yield curve, NIRP differs from rate cuts just above the zero-lower-bound and has effects similar to QE. For identification, we exploit ECB’s NIRP and the Italian credit register and, for external validity, European and U.S. datasets. NIRP affects more banks with higher ex-ante liquid assets, including net interbank positions. More exposed banks reduce liquid assets, expand credit supply, especially to financially-constrained firms, and cut loan rates, inducing firms to increase investment and the wage bill.
16
Employee output response to stock market wealth shocks
作者:
Teng Li
(International School of Business and Finance and Institute of Advanced Finance, Sun Yat-sen University)
Wenlan Qian
(HKU Business School, University of Hong Kong, and NUS Business School, National University of Singapore)
Wei A. Xiong
(Shenzhen Stock Exchange)
Xin Zou
(School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist University)
摘要:本文利用将股票投资与工作表现相连的个人层面数据来研究股票市场财富的变化如何影响工人产出。本文表明,股票市场投资月收入增加10%与同一投资者下个月工作产出减少3.8%相关。这种负向的产出响应不是由并存的经济状况驱动,也不能被投资者特定的流动性需求解释。与参考点依赖的解释相一致,这种响应是短暂的,并且当总收入达到一个参考点时效应更为强烈。总而言之,本文研究结果强调了一个通过劳动力供给传导股市波动的新渠道。
Abstract:This paper uses individual-level data linking stock investments with work performance to examine how changes in stock market wealth affect worker output. We document that a 10% increase in monthly income from stock market investments is associated with a decrease of 3.8% in the same investor’s next-month work output. The negative output response is not driven by concurrent economic conditions and is unexplained by investor-specific liquidity needs. Consistent with the reference dependence interpretation, the response is short-lived and the effect is stronger when the total income has reached a reference income. Overall, our results highlight a novel channel of transmitting stock market fluctuation through labor supply.
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Let the rich be flooded: The distribution of financial aid and distress after hurricane harvey
作者:
Stephen B. Billings
(Finance Department, Leeds School of Business)
Emily A. Gallagher
(Finance Department, Leeds School of Business, and Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Institute for Economic Equity)
Lowell Ricketts
(Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Institute for Economic Equity)
摘要:在洪水灾害区之外,家庭必须决定是通过投保还是依靠灾害援助来管理洪水风险。本文利用2017年8月袭击休斯顿的飓风Harvey产生的准随机性洪水来理解洪水损失对于可以获取不同程度保险和信贷的家庭的影响。在洪泛区外,与未遭受洪水灾害的地区相比,遭受洪水灾害的地区中信贷受限的住房拥有者破产数量增加了20%,严重拖欠债务的比例增加了13%。洪泛区内的处理效应普遍不显著,这意味着洪水保险减轻了洪水对信贷分配的财务影响。另一方面,灾害援助似乎并没有抵消初始不平等对灾后信贷结果的作用。本文发现小企业管理局(Small Business Administration, SBA)灾害贷款以及更令人惊讶的联邦紧急措施署(Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA)拨款在分配上都是倒退的。本文的结果强调,平均效应掩盖了灾后重要的异质性,这对现有的关于联邦救灾计划如何有效减轻自然灾害财务负担的说法提出了挑战。
Abstract:Outside of flood hazard zones, households must decide whether to insure or rely on disaster assistance to manage flood risk. We use the quasi-random flooding generated by Hurricane Harvey, which hit Houston in August 2017, to understand the implications of flood losses for households with differing access to insurance and credit. Outside the floodplain, credit-constrained homeowners experience a 20% increase in bankruptcies and a 13% increase in the share of debt in severe delinquency in flooded blocks relative to non-flooded areas. Treatment effects are universally insignificant inside the floodplain, implying that flood insurance mitigates the financial impact of flooding across the credit distribution. Disaster assistance, on the other hand, does not appear to counteract the role of initial inequalities on post-disaster credit outcomes. We find SBA disaster loans and, more surprisingly, FEMA grants to both be regressive in allocation. Our results highlight that averages mask important heterogeneity after disasters, which challenges existing narratives of how effectively Federal disaster programs mitigate the financial burden of natural disasters.